cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet

[53] However, Anne Bailey, commenting on Thornton's suggestion that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade, wrote: [T]o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade. Triangular trade. To revisit the issue of intent already touched on: If an institution is deliberately maintained and expanded by discernible agents, though all are aware of the hecatombs of casualties it is inflicting on a definable human group, then why should this not qualify as genocide?"[115]. In one of his letters he writes: Each day the traders are kidnapping our peoplechildren of this country, sons of our nobles and vassals, even people of our own family. We exploited the slaves in the West Indian Islands during 250 years and made good money on them, but when we had to pay wages, we sold them instead, without even asking the inhabitants () That really wasn't a decent thing to do. Additionally, there was the desire to create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim Ottoman Empire of the Middle East, which was viewed as a commercial, political and religious threat to European Christendom. As property, the people were considered merchandise or units of labour, and were sold at markets with other goods and services. Many people joined the movement and they began to protest against the trade, but they were opposed by the owners of the colonial holdings. Most of the first group of settlers died due to disease and warfare with indigenous peoples. For instance, Portuguese traders attempted to conquer the Bissagos Islands in 1535. [66] From 1677 the Compagnie du Sngal, used Gore to house the slaves. There they bought people in exchange for goods and loaded them into the ships. [63] The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean islands Curaao, Jamaica and Martinique, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the New World. [211] The Africans on board were sold as slaves; however, slavery in the U.S. was abolished five years later following the end of the American Civil War in 1865. According to Kimani Nehusi, the presence of European slavers affected the way in which the legal code in African societies responded to offenders. [201] In 1805 the British Order-in-Council had restricted the importation of slaves into colonies that had been captured from France and the Netherlands. ): Fage, J. D. "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History". Economic incentives for warlords and tribes to engage in the slave trade promoted an atmosphere of lawlessness and violence. A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port. Colony. He argued that the slave trade was part of what he termed the "primitive accumulation" of capital, the 'non-capitalist' accumulation of wealth that preceded and created the financial conditions for Britain's industrialisation. [83], The basic reason for the constant shortage of labour was that, with much cheap land available and many landowners searching for workers, free European immigrants were able to become landowners themselves relatively quickly, thus increasing the need for workers. The effect of the trade on African societies is much debated, due to the influx of goods to Africans. [18] In the 15th century, however, new European developments in seafaring technologies resulted in ships being better equipped to deal with the tidal currents, and could begin traversing the Atlantic Ocean; the Portuguese set up a Navigator's School (although there is much debate about whether it existed and if it did, just what it was). Two rough estimates by scholars of the numbers African slaves held over twelve centuries in the Muslim world are 11.5 million[36] and 14 million,[37][38] while other estimates indicate a number between 12 and 15 million African slaves prior to the 20th century.[39]. They feel his apology stopped shy to prevent any legal retort. Many did not survive the ship rides to the Americas. This, Esposito argued, resulted in higher malaria survival rates in the American south among enslaved Africans than among European labourers, making them a more profitable source of labour and encouraging their use. Abolitionists did not move against sugar and slavery itself until after the sugar industry went into terminal decline after 1823. The Roman Empire had established its system of slavery in ancient times. Social Science (1965): 220225. [194][195][196] All the other states in the United States followed suit, although South Carolina reopened its slave trade in 1803.[197]. What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade quizlet? But, following the loss of the company's monopoly in 1689,[149] Bristol and Liverpool merchants became increasingly involved in the trade. There were three reasons that shaped the demand and supply of slaves across the Atlantic, each situated in another continent. What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade quizlet? In 1526, they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to Brazil, and other Europeans soon followed. [207] Several hundred slaves a year were transported by the navy to the British colony of Sierra Leone, where they were made to serve as "apprentices" in the colonial economy until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. [113] Around 5 million Africans died in these camps, reducing the number of survivors to about 10million. increased warefare. However, by the middle of the 17th century, slavery had hardened as a racial caste, with African slaves and their future offspring being legally the property of their owners, as children born to slave mothers were also slaves (partus sequitur ventrem). The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the "Old World" (Afro-Eurasia) and the "New World" (the Americas). [58][59], Until the middle of the 17th century, Mexico was the largest single market for slaves in Spanish America. After the Spanish reached the Americas in 1492, the direction of the trade became trans-Atlantic. The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. It has been estimated that the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations created up to one-in-twenty of every pound circulating in the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution in the latter half of the 18th century. [242], On 30 July 2008, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws. But for Danish people and Denmark the day is a dark chapter. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. However, each of these works focus primarily on the slave trade or the Industrial Revolution, and not the main body of the Williams thesis, which was on sugar and slavery itself. Revealing Histories, Remembering Slavery. He argued that it was this economic trade agreement dating back to the 16th century that led to Africa being underdeveloped in his own time. [43] While those held in slavery in their own region of Africa might hope to escape, those shipped away had little chance of returning to Africa. Quakers began to campaign against the British Empire's slave trade in the 1780s, and from 1789 William Wilberforce was a driving force in the British Parliament in the fight against the trade. Mercantilists believed that wealth (gold and silver) equated to power and that accumulating the most gold granted the most power. [132] Around 2.2million Africans died during these voyages, where they were packed into tight, unsanitary spaces on ships for months at a time. The last rows show that there were also smaller numbers of slaves carried to Europe and to other parts of Africa, and at least 1.8 million did not survive the journey and were buried at sea with little ceremony. Causes and results of slavery. On 22 February 1807, the work of William Wilberforce was rewarded with victory. [47], By 1494, the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples, enabling the Portuguese to "tap into" the "well-developed commercial economy in Africa without engaging in hostilities". William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville argued that "the slave population of the colonies could be maintained without it." By the end of the Revolution, it's estimated that nearly one hundred thousand slaves escaped to British authorities, constituting a loss of about of the number of enslaved peoples in the United States at the time. Walter Rodney argued that the export of so many people had been a demographic disaster which left Africa permanently disadvantaged when compared to other parts of the world, and it largely explains the continent's continued poverty. [166][167], Historian Walter Rodney has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 16th century, although there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa, it was not very substantial. This intensified effects that were already present amongst its rulers, kinships, kingdoms and in society. [222], The American Colonization Society's proposal to send African Americans to Liberia was not universally popular among African-Americans, and the proposal was seen as a plot to weaken the influence of the abolitionist movement. [94] This rumour was a common source of significant distress for enslaved Africans. By far the most financially profitable West Indian colonies in 1800 belonged to the United Kingdom. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Slave labor, Depopulation, loss of culture, and conflict, Triangluar Trade and more. Printing Press. Hence, the slave trade was abolished, but not the still-economically viable institution of slavery itself, which provided Britain's most lucrative import at the time, sugar. A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. Incidental death occurs when life has no normative value, when no humans are involved, when the population is, in effect, seen as already dead. Slavery was practiced in Africa before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. However African rights activists denounced it as "empty rhetoric" that failed to address the issue properly. These were preliminary to the Congress of Vienna negotiations that Castlereagh dominated and which resulted in a general declaration condemning the slave trade. [42] However, the European demand for slaves provided a large new market for the already existing trade. [230] The Negative impact on the new world. By supplying a seemingly endless source of slave labor to the American colonies, which were full of natural resources, European markets became flooded with raw materials and consumer goods. Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds). Cause: Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required large amount of workers to be profitable. Such benefits included military technology (specifically guns and gunpowder), gold, or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations. They say slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture. [199], On 22 February 1807, the House of Commons passed a motion 283 votes to 16 to abolish the Atlantic slave trade. The trade of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic has its origins in the explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century. [10] The first Africans kidnapped to the English colonies were classified as indentured servants, with legal standing similar to that of contract-based workers coming from Britain and Ireland. Seymour Drescher, "Whose abolition? [124][125][126] Like the Bambara Empire to the east, the Khasso kingdoms depended heavily on the slave trade for their economy. A fear of monetary compensation might have been one of the reasons for the opposition. Cases of European merchants kidnapping free Africans into slavery often resulted in fierce retaliation from Africans, who stopped trade or captured or killed Europeans. In addition to the depopulation Africa experienced because of the slave trade, African nations were left with severely imbalanced gender ratios, with females comprising up to 65 percent of the population in hard-hit areas such as Angola. Of those 173, no fewer than 68 could be deemed nation states with political and military infrastructures that enabled them to dominate their neighbours. [73][13] It is estimated that more than half of the entire slave trade took place during the 18th century, with the British, Portuguese and French being the main carriers of nine out of ten slaves abducted in Africa. The Atlantic slave trade, . The Atlantic slave trade was one of the most important examples of forced migration in human history. As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity, certain areas produced far more enslaved people than others. That leadership later gave rise to the myth that "the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration". Saidiya Hartman has argued that the deaths of enslaved people was incidental to the acquisition of profit and to the rise of capitalism: "Death wasn't a goal of its own but just a by-product of commerce, which has the lasting effect of making negligible all the millions of lives lost. Instead we just let down the people." [84], Thomas Jefferson attributed the use of slave labour in part to the climate, and the consequent idle leisure afforded by slave labour: "For in a warm climate, no man will labour for himself who can make another labour for him. Around 1560, the Portuguese began a regular slave trade to Brazil. In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas, a far higher rate than were ever taken from Africa. Although scholars such as Paul Adams and Erick D. Langer have estimated that sub-Saharan Africa represented about 18 percent of the world's population in 1600 and only 6 percent in 1900,[183] the reasons for this demographic shift have been the subject of much debate. After entering the sugar colony business late, British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as Jamaica, Trinidad, the Leeward Islands, and Barbados and the territory of British Guiana gave it an important edge over all competitors; while many British did not make gains, a handful of individuals made small fortunes. [51] These ideas were supported by other historians, including Ralph Austen (1987). The passing of this resolution came on the heels of the 400th-anniversary celebration of the city of Jamestown, Virginia, which was the first permanent English colony to survive in what would become the United States. Slaver was much supported in southern America as a result of the laziness of the South American people. Conversely, many enslaved Africans were taken from regions of Africa which hosted particularly potent strains of the disease, so the Africans had already developed natural resistance to malaria. [206] Between 1807 and 1860, the Royal Navy's Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels. "I understand why the inhabitants in the West Indian Islands celebrate the day they became part of the U.S. [131], Many diseases, each capable of killing a large minority or even a majority of a new human population, arrived in the Americas after 1492. Web. Effect: Africans brought their art, music, religion, and food to influence societies. [143], Levels and extent of immunity varies from disease to disease. Arrival in the Americas As a result of the trade of enslaved people, five times as many Africans arrived in the Americas as Europeans. The City Council has made an unreserved apology for Liverpool's involvement and the continual effect of slavery on Liverpool's black communities. [111] More died soon after their arrival. The Atlantic Slave Trade affected the slaves as well as. Petley points out that government took the decision to abolish the trade "with the express intention of improving, not destroying, the still-lucrative plantation economy of the British West Indies. Europeans go to Africa, buy the slaves, take them across the Atlantic, bring them to the Americas, the slaves then will produce goods that would be shipped back to Europe and be sold on the European market. [119] However, some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving, such as Bono State, Oyo, Benin, Igala, Kaabu, Ashanti, Dahomey, the Aro Confederacy and the Imbangala war bands.[120][121]. [169] He presented numbers showing that Africa's population stagnated during this period, while those of Europe and Asia grew dramatically. After the Iberian Union fell apart, Spain prohibited Portugal from directly engaging in the slave trade as a carrier. Quick guide: The slave trade; Who were the slaves? [150] By the late 17th century, one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a slave trading ship. The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1502. The transatlantic slave trade generally followed a triangular route: Traders set out from European ports towards Africa's west coast. . Buying and selling of Africans for work in the americas. It is derived from the Portuguese word 'casar', meaning 'to marry'. Such resettlement continued throughout the 19th century, increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the Southern states of the US following Reconstruction in 1877. While Europeans may have treated some types of labour, such as convict labour, with conditions similar to that of slaves, these labourers would not be regarded as chattel and their progeny could not inherit their subordinate status, thus not making them slaves in the eyes of Europeans. He said that London was still tainted by the horrors of slavery. After having taken these prisoners [to the coast] secretly or at night As soon as the captives are in the hands of white men they are branded with a red-hot iron. While the effects of the Atlantic trade on the enslaved Africans have been partly documented, those on the non-enslaved Africans remain largely unknown.2 The trade brought about enduring insecurities, economic chaos, and political disorders in Africa. (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983). In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves. [118] The slave traders would try to fit anywhere from 350 to 600 slaves on one ship. This kind of slave trade involved the shipping of African slaves from the Western coast of Africa to the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean. Boruki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, "Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America.". [34], According to Pernille Ipsen, author of Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast, Africans from the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) also participated in the slave trade through intermarriage, or cassare (taken from Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese), meaning 'to set up house'. Birmingham, the largest gun-producing town in Britain at the time, supplied guns to be traded for slaves. The last country to ban the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil in 1831. The Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa, although it was the largest in intensity in terms of number of humans over a unit of time. Question 1. slaves) for manufactured goods. David Eltis has compared the numbers to the rate of emigration from Europe during this period. Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships at the same time. [127] Benin grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships. Where did they go? But there was also significant other trading which is shown in the table below. In general, slavery in Africa was not heritablethat is, the children of slaves were freewhile in the Americas, children of slave mothers were considered born into slavery. the rapid development of technology. [19] In doing so, they came into contact with societies living along the west African coast and in the Americas which they had never previously encountered. [68] In 1682 Spain allowed governors from Havana, Porto Bello, Panama, and Cartagena, Colombia to procure slaves from Jamaica. 4043. The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved. [145] The first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World were the Spaniards, who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and labourers on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola. Denmark, which had been active in the slave trade, was the first country to ban the trade through legislation in 1792, which took effect in 1803. Disease (malaria or yellow fever) was the most common cause of death among sailors. In view of the fact that the Americans and Europe have accepted the cruelty of their roles and have forcefully apologized, it would be logical, reasonable and humbling if African traditional rulers [can] accept blame and formally apologize to the descendants of the victims of their collaborative and exploitative slave trade. The area of the future Colombia received its first enslaved people in 1533. The voyage across the Atlantic, known as the Middle Passage, generally took 6 to 8 weeks. And it came to be regarded as an affront to the.. Because the federal law to close the trans-Atlantic slave trade on January 1st, . A rough comparison of slave populations in West Africa and the Americas indicates that the scale of slavery in Africa was extremely large. [208], Even though it was prohibited, after and in response to the North's reluctance or refusal to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Atlantic slave trade was "re-opened by way of retaliation". Millions of people also died as a result of slave raids, wars, and during transport to the coast for sale to European slave traders. After 1791, the British islands produced the most sugar, and the British people quickly became the largest consumers. [1] The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic slave trade were people from Central and West Africa that had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders,[2][3][4] while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids;[5] Europeans gathered and imprisoned the enslaved at forts on the African coast and then brought them to the Americas. Cassare was a pre-European-contact practice used to integrate the "other" from a differing African tribe. [4] Some Africans had made a business out of capturing Africans from neighboring ethnic groups or war captives and selling them. There were several major causes for the Atlantic slave trade, such as high demand for cheap labour, the growing economies of the European colonial powers and the desire to make money. "[229] Researchers estimate that 3million slaves were exported out of the Slave Coast bordering the Bight of Benin. Others have challenged this view. . Eventually, in 1842 in 1845, an arrangement was reached between London and Washington. -everntually led to spread of culture-art, music, religion-throughout Western World. In Fage's article "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History", he notes that for West Africans "there were really few effective means of mobilizing labour for the economic and political needs of the state" without the slave trade. What impact did the Berlin Conference have on Africa quizlet? [40] Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major warfare conducted by expanding states, such as the kingdom of Dahomey,[100] the Oyo Empire, and the Ashanti Empire. The timeline chart when the different nations transported most of their slaves. [243] On 18 June 2009, the United States Senate issued an apologetic statement decrying the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery". Raymond Mauny estimates a total of 14 million black slaves were traded in Islam through the 20th Century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. "[75][76], Meanwhile, it became a business for privately owned enterprises, reducing international complications. Cause: Islam expansion into Africa increased slavery and slave trade. How did the slave trade operate? "[85] In a 2015 paper, economist Elena Esposito argued that the enslavement of Africans in colonial America was attributable to the fact that the American south was sufficiently warm and humid for malaria to thrive; the disease had debilitating effects on the European settlers. [151] Much of the wealth on which the city of Manchester, and surrounding towns, was built in the late 18th century, and for much of the 19th century, was based on the processing of slave-picked cotton and manufacture of cloth. Cause: Slavery was seen as a minor institution in Africa for centuries. Crimes traditionally punishable by some other form of punishment became punishable by enslavement and sale to slave traders. For smallpox and measles for example, those who survive are equipped with the immunity to combat the disease for the rest of their life in that they cannot contract the disease again. Owners turned to Africa for cheap labor. Abolitionist opinion in Britain was strong enough in 1807 to abolish the slave trade in all British possessions, although slavery itself persisted in the colonies until 1833. In 1820, they sent their first ship to Liberia, and within a decade around two thousand African Americans had been settled there. A vast amount of labour was needed to create and sustain plantations that required intensive labour to grow, harvest, and process prized tropical crops. The news was welcomed by President Barack Obama. [24], European overseas expansion led to the contact between the Old and New Worlds producing the Columbian exchange, named after the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus. Risksmaritime and commercialwere important for individual voyages. [40] A reminder of this practice is documented in the Slave Trade Debates of England in the early 19th century: "All the old writers concur in stating not only that wars are entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves, but that they are fomented by Europeans, with a view to that object. Population reductions in certain areas also led to widespread problems. [205], The Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, established in 1808, grew by 1850 to a force of some 25 vessels, which were tasked with combating slavery along the African coast. In 1998, UNESCO designated 23 August as International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition. [180][179][181], Karl Marx, in his influential economic history of capitalism, Das Kapital, wrote that "the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins, signaled the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production". [131] Their deaths were the result of brutal treatment and poor care from the time of their capture and throughout their voyage. Middle passage. They include smallpox, malaria, bubonic plague, typhus, influenza, measles, diphtheria, yellow fever, and whooping cough. Early on in the Atlantic slave trade, it was common for the powerful elite West African families to marry off their women to the European traders in alliance, bolstering their syndicate. [232], President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade. [101], Forms of slavery varied both in Africa and in the New World. He used diplomacy to make search-and-seize agreements with all the governments whose ships were trading. Other items and commodities becoming important in global trade were the tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton crops of the Americas, along with the gold and silver brought from the American continent not only to Europe but elsewhere in the Old World. In America, for instance, which was a colony of England, there was a demand for many labourers for the sugar, tobacco and cotton plantations. Native peoples were at first utilized as slave labour by Europeans until a large number died from overwork and Old World diseases. [152] Other British cities also profited from the slave trade. 30 seconds. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. [78], Following the British and United States' bans on the African slave trade in 1807, it declined, but the period after still accounted for 28.5% of the total volume of the Atlantic slave trade. Cohn, Raymond L. "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage". [233] The municipal government of Amsterdam, which co-owned the colony of Surinam, and De Nederlandsche Bank, which was involved in slavery between 1814 and 1863, had already apologized for their involvement on 1 July 2021 and 1 July 2022, respecively. Rodney states that changes in productivity, technology, and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation in the trade in 1807. Populations in West Africa and the continual effect of the exploration '' future... Congress of Vienna negotiations that Castlereagh dominated and which resulted in a general declaration condemning the trade.... `` Bill that abolished the trading of slaves across the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil in 1831 Liverpool black., typhus, influenza, measles, diphtheria, yellow fever ) was the most gold granted the most granted... Number died from overwork and Old World diseases quickly became the largest.! 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Widespread problems in a general declaration condemning the cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet trade involved the shipping of slaves. The presence of European slavers affected the slaves Austen ( 1987 ) of workers to be profitable and of... The direction of the exploration '' captivity made economic and agricultural development almost throughout! A minor institution in Africa and in the 1830s because of innovations in.. Country to ban the Atlantic slave trade to Spanish America. cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet ; Who the. Used to integrate the `` other '' from a differing African tribe, religion, and the slave quizlet. Of slave populations in West Africa and in the Middle Passage '' the Bissagos Islands in.... One out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a pre-European-contact practice used integrate. Farms required large amount of workers to be profitable attempted to conquer the Bissagos Islands 1535...

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